Tiles made of clay, plates, bowls, cups, vases are called such goods. After they are hand or machine shaped, they are baked in special ovens for hardening. Ceramic is divided into two main groups according to the type of dough used in this work: 1) Porous ceramic and 2) Porous ceramic (pekez). Porous ceramics leak liquids which are placed in them. Pekez made from compact dough does not leak liquids because they are cooked at high temperature.
Pekez ceramics are immersed in, or applied to, a variety of clays called primers, or chemically prepared with mineral oxides. The primed pekez ceramics are also sprayed with glaze or glazed, plastered or poured. Clay, the raw material of ceramics, is a chemically alumina silicate. Certain ceramics are: Tiles, majolica, deaf porcelain (grease), pottery and porcelain.
The main material of ceramics is clay, kaolin and similar materials. These substances are generally intended to form rocks under weather conditions such as wind, rain, snow and ice. These materials are shaped and then fired in high temperature ovens to produce ceramics. Ceramic is theoretically an inorganic compound obtained by combining one or more metals with non-metallic elements.
Ceramics are generally known to humans as a terracotta-based building material. For example, building materials such as brick, tile, glass, concrete and porcelain are also included in the ceramic group.
What are the properties of ceramics?
Mechanical properties: Although the compressive forces are very high, the tensile compressive force is very low. As they are brittle, internal structure defects, notches, scratches and micro cracks cause stress build-up and thus break easily in tensile effect. The pressure force in ceramics is eight times the tensile force on average. By means of heat treatment, tensile forces can be increased by creating residual pressure stresses on the surface. Ceramics have a very high slip resistance, but plastic deformation causes fracture. In addition, some of them are widely used as abrasive materials because they are very hard.
Electrical properties: Ceramics are usually insulating and dielectric materials. They do not conduct electricity, but they react in the electric field. Due to the polarization caused by the electric field, they store a large amount of electrons on their surfaces. Ceramics with high dielectric properties are used in the production of capacitors. Since some ceramics have semiconductor properties, quartz crystal and barium titanate convert mechanical effect into electrical response and electrical reaction into mechanical response. These ceramics, which are called piezoelectric, are used in the electronics industry.
In particular, clay is a building material that does not deform easily after certain processes, is hard and does not deteriorate immediately against external factors. In ceramic production, the dough obtained from clay is put on a few materials and shaped and thrown into the oven with a suitable cooking method. Essentially, there are silicates, aluminates, water, some metal oxides and alkali and alkaline earth compounds in the composition of the ceramic paste.
The melting temperature of the ceramic, which is very hard and brittle, is 1750 in silicas and 2050 in aluminates. The fact that ceramic is heat and electrical insulator is very high and it is widely used in electrical materials with this feature.
The ceramics used in the building sector are generally in two groups as coarse and fine ceramics. Rough ceramics are bricks and tiles, carrier flooring materials, various coating materials, decorative materials and similar terracotta materials. Refractory materials are also included in this group. The group of fine ceramics includes tiles used in finer works such as tiles, tile and sanitary tiles, tinned tiles, mosaic tiles, plaque tiles and porcelain.
Ceramic materials are generally glazed. The glaze is formed by direct glassing of the ceramic materials itself. Sometimes metal oxides are applied to the ceramic material and the ceramic material is glassed at a temperature lower than the degree of firing. With this glaze layer, different properties are given to the ceramic material. The main metal oxides used for this process are silicon, aluminum, calcium sodium and tin oxides.
The glazing of ceramic materials is generally made to ensure that a water-permeable ceramic material is not water-permeable, to give color to the ceramic material, or to prevent dirt retention and easy cleaning.
Like all materials used in the construction sector, ceramics are tested by authorized testing and inspection organizations in accordance with the relevant legal regulations and standards published by domestic and foreign organizations. There are several standards that are based on these tests:
- TS EN 623-2 Advanced technology ceramics - Monolithic ceramics - General and textural properties - Part 2: Determination of density and porosity
- TS EN 820-2 Advanced technology ceramics - Monolithic ceramics - Test methods - Thermomechanical properties - Part 2: Determination of deformation caused by its own weight
- TS EN ISO 15732 Advanced technology ceramics - Determination of fracture strength of monolithic ceramics at room temperature by single edge pre-fracture beam method (sepb)
- TS EN 12788 Advanced technology ceramics - Ceramic composites - Mechanical properties in high temperature and inert atmosphere - Determination of flexural strength
